15-09-2021

One Thousand Years Of Manga Pdf Torrent

Posted by admin
Jump to navigationJump to search

The website has one of the largest databases of torrents on the net, with over 16 million torrent files. TorrentDownloads Homepage. Despite a few safety concerns that terribly affected the website’s reputation and traffic a couple of years ago, the torrents indexer seems to have regained traction lately. 5 Centimeters per Second + Children Who Chase Lost Voices 86 -eightysix- A Certain Magical Index SS A Lesbian Elf and a Cursed Princess A Lily Blooms in Another World A Shameful Life: (Ningen Shikkaku) A Standing Ovation with Izaya Orihara A Sunset With Izaya Orihara Aa Megami-sama As The Villainess, I Reject These Happy-Bad. The use of the phrase 'ten thousand years' in various East Asian languages originated in ancient China as an expression used to wish long life to the Emperor, and is typically translated as 'long live' in English. Due to the political and cultural influence of China in the area, and in particular of the Chinese language, cognates with similar meanings and usage patterns appeared in many. The Bride Says Maybe: The Brides of Wishmore. Read Online The Bride Says Maybe: The Brides of Wishmore PDF eBook The Bride Says Maybe: The Brides of Wishmore by Maxwell, Cathy (Mass Market Paperback) Download The Bride Says Maybe: The Brides of Wishmore or Read The Bride. Manga is a Japanese term used to describe comics or graphical novels that originated from the country of Japan. Manga definitely has its own style especially if you compare to the likes of manhua or manhwa. While most people read manga are familiar with black and white you can also read manga online that is full colored.

Download comiXology - Comics & Manga and enjoy it on your iPhone, iPad, and. This is your first experience with comics or you've been a fan for years, get ready. Is a new subscription service that allows fans to read thousands of comics,.

This article is about the comics or graphic novels created in Japan. For other uses, see Manga (disambiguation).
Manga
The kanji for 'manga' from Seasonal Passersby (Shiki no Yukikai), 1798, by Santō Kyōden and Kitao Shigemasa.
Publishers
Publications
Series
LanguagesJapanese
Related articles
Comics
Comics studies
  • History
Methods
Media Formats
Comics by Country and Culture
Community
Comics portal
Part of a series on
Anime and manga
Anime and manga portal

Manga (漫画manga) are comics or graphic novels created in Japan or by creators in the Japanese language, conforming to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century.[1] They have a long and complex pre-history in earlier Japanese art.[2]

The term manga (kanji: 漫画; hiragana: まんが; katakana: マンガ; listen; English: /ˈmæŋɡə/ or /ˈmɑːŋɡə/) in Japan is a word used to refer to both comics and cartooning. 'Manga' as a term used outside Japan refers to comics originally published in Japan.[3]

In Japan, people of all ages read manga. The medium includes works in a broad range of genres: action, adventure, business and commerce, comedy, detective, drama, historical, horror, mystery, romance, science fiction and fantasy, erotica, sports and games, and suspense, among others.[4][5] Many manga are translated into other languages.[6] Since the 1950s, manga has steadily become a major part of the Japanese publishing industry.[7] By 1995, the manga market in Japan was valued at ¥586.4 billion ($6–7 billion),[8] with annual sales of 1.9billion manga books and manga magazines in Japan (equivalent to 15issues per person).[9] Manga have also gained a significant worldwide audience.[10] In 2008, in the U.S. and Canada, the manga market was valued at $175 million. Manga represent 38% of the French comics market, which is equivalent to approximately ten times that of the United States.[11] In France, the manga market was valued at about €460 million ($569million) in 2005.[12] In Europe and the Middle East, the market was valued at $250 million in 2012.[13]

Manga stories are typically printed in black-and-white,[14] although some full-color manga exist (e.g., Colorful). In Japan, manga are usually serialized in large manga magazines, often containing many stories, each presented in a single episode to be continued in the next issue. Collected chapters are usually republished in tankōbon volumes, frequently but not exclusively, paperback books.[15] A manga artist (mangaka in Japanese) typically works with a few assistants in a small studio and is associated with a creative editor from a commercial publishing company.[16] If a manga series is popular enough, it may be animated after or during its run.[17] Sometimes manga are drawn centering on previously existing live-action or animated films.[18]

Manga-influenced comics, among original works, exist in other parts of the world, particularly in Algeria ('DZ-manga'), China, Hong Kong, Taiwan ('manhua'), and South Korea ('manhwa').[19][20]

  • 3Publications and exhibition
    • 3.2Collected volumes
  • 4Digital manga
  • 5International markets
  • 10References

Etymology

The word 'manga' comes from the Japanese word 漫画,[21] composed of the two kanji 漫 (man) meaning 'whimsical or impromptu' and 画 (ga) meaning 'pictures'.[22] The same term is the root of the Korean word for comics(manhwa) and the Chinese word(manhua).[23]

The word first came into common usage in the late 18th century[24] with the publication of such works as Santō Kyōden's picturebook Shiji no yukikai (1798),[25][26] and in the early 19th century with such works as Aikawa Minwa's Manga hyakujo (1814) and the celebrated Hokusai Manga books (1814–1834)[27] containing assorted drawings from the sketchbooks of the famous ukiyo-e artist Hokusai.[28]Rakuten Kitazawa (1876–1955) first used the word 'manga' in the modern sense.[29]

In Japanese, 'manga' refers to all kinds of cartooning, comics, and animation. Among English speakers, 'manga' has the stricter meaning of 'Japanese comics', in parallel to the usage of 'anime' in and outside Japan. The term 'ani-manga' is used to describe comics produced from animation cels.[30]

History and characteristics

A kami-shibai story teller from Sazae-san by Machiko Hasegawa. Sazae appears with her hair in a bun.
Main articles: History of manga and Manga iconography

The history of manga is said to originate from scrolls dating back to the 12th century, and it is believed they represent the basis for the right-to-left reading style. During the Edo period (1603–1867), Toba Ehon embedded the concept of manga.[31] The word itself first came into common usage in 1798,[24] with the publication of works such as Santō Kyōden's picturebook Shiji no yukikai (1798),[25][26] and in the early 19th century with such works as Aikawa Minwa's Manga hyakujo (1814) and the Hokusai Manga books (1814–1834).[28][32] Adam L. Kern has suggested that kibyoshi, picture books from the late 18th century, may have been the world's first comic books. These graphical narratives share with modern manga humorous, satirical, and romantic themes.[33] Some works were mass-produced as serials using woodblock printing.[9]

Writers on manga history have described two broad and complementary processes shaping modern manga. One view represented by other writers such as Frederik L. Schodt, Kinko Ito, and Adam L. Kern, stress continuity of Japanese cultural and aesthetic traditions, including pre-war, Meiji, and pre-Meijiculture and art.[34] The other view, emphasizes events occurring during and after the Allied occupation of Japan (1945–1952), and stresses U.S. cultural influences, including U.S. comics (brought to Japan by the GIs) and images and themes from U.S. television, film, and cartoons (especially Disney).[35]

Regardless of its source, an explosion of artistic creativity occurred in the post-war period,[36] involving manga artists such as Osamu Tezuka (Astro Boy) and Machiko Hasegawa (Sazae-san). Astro Boy quickly became (and remains) immensely popular in Japan and elsewhere,[37] and the anime adaptation of Sazae-san drawing more viewers than any other anime on Japanese television in 2011.[31] Tezuka and Hasegawa both made stylistic innovations. In Tezuka's 'cinematographic' technique, the panels are like a motion picture that reveals details of action bordering on slow motion as well as rapid zooms from distance to close-up shots. This kind of visual dynamism was widely adopted by later manga artists.[38] Hasegawa's focus on daily life and on women's experience also came to characterize later shōjo manga.[39] Between 1950 and 1969, an increasingly large readership for manga emerged in Japan with the solidification of its two main marketing genres, shōnen manga aimed at boys and shōjo manga aimed at girls.[40]

A figure drawn in manga style—typically reduced to black and white and different patterns to compensate for the lack of colors

In 1969 a group of female manga artists (later called the Year 24 Group, also known as Magnificent 24s) made their shōjo manga debut ('year 24' comes from the Japanese name for the year 1949, the birth-year of many of these artists).[41] The group included Moto Hagio, Riyoko Ikeda, Yumiko Ōshima, Keiko Takemiya, and Ryoko Yamagishi.[15] Thereafter, primarily female manga artists would draw shōjo for a readership of girls and young women.[42] In the following decades (1975–present), shōjo manga continued to develop stylistically while simultaneously evolving different but overlapping subgenres.[43] Major subgenres include romance, superheroines, and 'Ladies Comics' (in Japanese, redisuレディース, redikomiレディコミ, and josei女性).[44]

Modern shōjo manga romance features love as a major theme set into emotionally intense narratives of self-realization.[45] With the superheroines, shōjo manga saw releases such as Pink Hanamori's Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi PitchReiko Yoshida's Tokyo Mew Mew, And, Naoko Takeuchi's Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon, which became internationally popular in both manga and anime formats.[46] Groups (or sentais) of girls working together have also been popular within this genre. Like Lucia, Hanon, and Rina singing together, and Sailor Moon, Sailor Mercury, Sailor Mars, Sailor Jupiter, and Sailor Venus working together.[47]

Manga for male readers sub-divides according to the age of its intended readership: boys up to 18 years old (shōnen manga) and young men 18 to 30 years old (seinen manga);[48] as well as by content, including action-adventure often involving male heroes, slapstick humor, themes of honor, and sometimes explicit sex.[49] The Japanese use different kanji for two closely allied meanings of 'seinen'—青年 for 'youth, young man' and 成年 for 'adult, majority'—the second referring to pornographic manga aimed at grown men and also called seijin ('adult' 成人) manga.[50]Shōnen, seinen, and seijin manga share a number of features in common.

Boys and young men became some of the earliest readers of manga after World War II. From the 1950s on, shōnen manga focused on topics thought to interest the archetypal boy, including subjects like robots, space-travel, and heroic action-adventure.[51] Popular themes include science fiction, technology, sports, and supernatural settings. Manga with solitary costumed superheroes like Superman, Batman, and Spider-Man generally did not become as popular.[52]

The role of girls and women in manga produced for male readers has evolved considerably over time to include those featuring single pretty girls (bishōjo)[53] such as Belldandy from Oh My Goddess!, stories where such girls and women surround the hero, as in Negima and Hanaukyo Maid Team, or groups of heavily armed female warriors (sentō bishōjo)[54]

With the relaxation of censorship in Japan in the 1990s, an assortment of explicit sexual material appeared in manga intended for male readers, and correspondingly continued into the English translations.[55] However, in 2010 the Tokyo Metropolitan Government passed a bill to restrict such content.[56]

The gekiga style of storytelling—thematically somber, adult-oriented, and sometimes deeply violent—focuses on the day-in, day-out grim realities of life, often drawn in a gritty and unvarnished fashion.[57][58]Gekiga such as Sampei Shirato's 1959–1962 Chronicles of a Ninja's Military Accomplishments (Ninja Bugeichō) arose in the late 1950s and 1960s partly from left-wing student and working-class political activism[59] and partly from the aesthetic dissatisfaction of young manga artists like Yoshihiro Tatsumi with existing manga.[60]

Publications and exhibition

Delegates of 3rd Asian Cartoon Exhibition, held at Tokyo (Annual Manga Exhibition) by The Japan Foundation[61]

In Japan, manga constituted an annual 40.6 billion yen (approximately $395 million USD) publication-industry by 2007.[62] In 2006 sales of manga books made up for about 27% of total book-sales, and sale of manga magazines, for 20% of total magazine-sales.[63] The manga industry has expanded worldwide, where distribution companies license and reprint manga into their native languages.

Marketeers primarily classify manga by the age and gender of the target readership.[64] In particular, books and magazines sold to boys (shōnen) and girls (shōjo) have distinctive cover-art, and most bookstores place them on different shelves. Due to cross-readership, consumer response is not limited by demographics. For example, male readers may subscribe to a series intended for female readers, and so on. Japan has manga cafés, or manga kissa (kissa is an abbreviation of kissaten). At a manga kissa, people drink coffee, read manga and sometimes stay overnight.

The Kyoto International Manga Museum maintains a very large website listing manga published in Japanese.[65]

Magazines

See also: List of manga magazines
Eshinbun Nipponchi is credited as the first manga magazine ever made.

Manga magazines usually have many series running concurrently with approximately 20–40 pages allocated to each series per issue. Other magazines such as the anime fandom magazine Newtype featured single chapters within their monthly periodicals. Other magazines like Nakayoshi feature many stories written by many different artists; these magazines, or 'anthology magazines', as they are also known (colloquially 'phone books'), are usually printed on low-quality newsprint and can be anywhere from 200 to more than 850 pages thick. Manga magazines also contain one-shot comics and various four-panel yonkoma (equivalent to comic strips). Manga series can run for many years if they are successful. Manga artists sometimes start out with a few 'one-shot' manga projects just to try to get their name out. If these are successful and receive good reviews, they are continued. Magazines often have a short life.[66]

Collected volumes

After a series has run for a while, publishers often collect the episodes together and print them in dedicated book-sized volumes, called tankōbon. These can be hardcover, or more usually softcover books, and are the equivalent of U.S. trade paperbacks or graphic novels. These volumes often use higher-quality paper, and are useful to those who want to 'catch up' with a series so they can follow it in the magazines or if they find the cost of the weeklies or monthlies to be prohibitive. 'Deluxe' versions have also been printed as readers have gotten older and the need for something special grew. Old manga have also been reprinted using somewhat lesser quality paper and sold for 100 yen (about $1 U.S. dollar) each to compete with the used book market.

History

Kanagaki Robun and Kawanabe Kyōsai created the first manga magazine in 1874: Eshinbun Nipponchi. The magazine was heavily influenced by Japan Punch, founded in 1862 by Charles Wirgman, a British cartoonist. Eshinbun Nipponchi had a very simple style of drawings and did not become popular with many people. Eshinbun Nipponchi ended after three issues. The magazine Kisho Shimbun in 1875 was inspired by Eshinbun Nipponchi, which was followed by Marumaru Chinbun in 1877, and then Garakuta Chinpo in 1879.[67]Shōnen Sekai was the first shōnen magazine created in 1895 by Iwaya Sazanami, a famous writer of Japanese children's literature back then. Shōnen Sekai had a strong focus on the First Sino-Japanese War.[68]

In 1905 the manga-magazine publishing boom started with the Russo-Japanese War,[69]Tokyo Pakku was created and became a huge hit.[70] After Tokyo Pakku in 1905, a female version of Shōnen Sekai was created and named Shōjo Sekai, considered the first shōjo magazine.[71]Shōnen Pakku was made and is considered the first children's manga magazine. The children's demographic was in an early stage of development in the Meiji period. Shōnen Pakku was influenced from foreign children's magazines such as Puck which an employee of Jitsugyō no Nihon (publisher of the magazine) saw and decided to emulate. In 1924, Kodomo Pakku was launched as another children's manga magazine after Shōnen Pakku.[70] During the boom, Poten (derived from the French 'potin') was published in 1908. All the pages were in full color with influences from Tokyo Pakku and Osaka Puck. It is unknown if there were any more issues besides the first one.[69]Kodomo Pakku was launched May 1924 by Tokyosha and featured high-quality art by many members of the manga artistry like Takei Takeo, Takehisa Yumeji and Aso Yutaka. Some of the manga featured speech balloons, where other manga from the previous eras did not use speech balloons and were silent.[70]

Published from May 1935 to January 1941, Manga no Kuni coincided with the period of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). Manga no Kuni featured information on becoming a mangaka and on other comics industries around the world. Manga no Kuni handed its title to Sashie Manga Kenkyū in August 1940.[72]

One Thousand Years Of Slavery Runes Of Magic

Dōjinshi

Dōjinshi, produced by small publishers outside of the mainstream commercial market, resemble in their publishing small-press independently published comic books in the United States. Comiket, the largest comic book convention in the world with around 500,000 visitors gathering over three days, is devoted to dōjinshi. While they most often contain original stories, many are parodies of or include characters from popular manga and anime series. Some dōjinshi continue with a series' story or write an entirely new one using its characters, much like fan fiction. In 2007, dōjinshi sold for 27.73 billion yen (245 million USD).[62] In 2006 they represented about a tenth of manga books and magazines sales.[63]

Digital manga

Thanks to the advent of the internet, there have been new ways for aspiring mangaka to upload and sell their manga online. Before, there were two main ways in which a mangaka's work could be published: taking their manga drawn on paper to a publisher themselves, or submitting their work to competitions run by magazines.[73]

Web manga

In recent years, there has been a rise in manga released digitally. Web manga, as it's known in Japan, has a seen an increase thanks in part to image hosting websites where anyone can upload pages from their works for free. Although released digitally, almost all web manga stick to the conventional black-and-white format despite some never getting physical publications. Pixiv is the most popular site where a host of amateur and professional works get published on the site. It has grown to be the most visited site for artwork in Japan.[74]Twitter has also become a popular place for web manga with many artists releasing pages weekly on their accounts in the hopes of their works getting picked up or published professionally. One of the best examples of an amateur work becoming professional is One-Punch Man which was released online and later got a professional remake released digitally and an anime adaptation soon there after.[75]

Many of the big print publishers have also released digital only magazines and websites where web manga get published alongside their serialized magazines. Shogakukan for instance has two websites, Sunday Webry and Ura Sunday, that release weekly chapters for web manga and even offer contests for mangaka to submit their work. Both Sunday Webry and Ura Sunday have become one of the top web manga sites in Japan.[76][77] Some have even released apps that teach how to draw professional manga and learn how to create them. Weekly Shōnen Jump released Jump Paint, an app that guides users on how to make their own manga from making storyboards to digitally inking lines. It also offers more than 120 types of pen tips and more than 1,000 screentones for artists to practice.[73]Kodansha has also used the popularity of web manga to launch more series and also offer better distribution of their officially translated works under Kodansha Comics thanks in part to the titles being released digitally first before being published physically.[78]

The rise web manga has also been credited to smartphones and computers as more and more readers read manga on their phones rather than from a print publication. While paper manga has seen a decrease overtime, digital manga have been growing in sales each year. The Research Institute for Publications reports that sales of digital manga books excluding magazines jumped 27.1 percent to ¥146 billion in 2016 from the year before while sales of paper manga saw a record year-on-year decline of 7.4 percent to ¥194.7 billion. They have also said that if the digital and paper keep the same growth and drop rates, web manga will exceed their paper counterparts.[79]

Webtoons

While webtoons have caught on in popularity as a new medium for comics in Asia, Japan has been slow to adopt webtoons as the traditional format and print publication still dominate the way manga is created and consumed. Despite this, one of the biggest webtoon publishers in the world, Comico, has had success in the traditional Japanese manga market. Comico was launched by NHN Japan, the Japanese subsidiary of Korean company, NHN Entertainment. As of now, there are only two webtoon publishers that publish Japanese webtoons: Comico and Naver Webtoon (under the name XOY in Japan). Kakao has also had success by offering licensed manga and translated Korean webtoons with their service Piccoma. All three companies credit their success to the webtoon pay model where users can purchase each chapter individually instead of having to buy the whole book while also offering some chapters for free for a period of time allowing anyone to read a whole series for free if they wait long enough.[80] The added benefit of having all of their titles in color and some with special animations and effects have also helped them succeed. Some popular Japanese webtoons have also gotten anime adaptations and print releases. The most notable being ReLIFE and Recovery of an MMO Junkie.[81][82]

International markets

Download

By 2007, the influence of manga on international comics had grown considerably over the past two decades.[83] 'Influence' is used here to refer to effects on the comics markets outside Japan and to aesthetic effects on comics artists internationally.

The reading direction in a traditional manga

Traditionally, manga stories flow from top to bottom and from right to left. Some publishers of translated manga keep to this original format. Other publishers mirror the pages horizontally before printing the translation, changing the reading direction to a more 'Western' left to right, so as not to confuse foreign readers or traditional comics-consumers. This practice is known as 'flipping'.[84] For the most part, criticism suggests that flipping goes against the original intentions of the creator (for example, if a person wears a shirt that reads 'MAY' on it, and gets flipped, then the word is altered to 'YAM'), who may be ignorant of how awkward it is to read comics when the eyes must flow through the pages and text in opposite directions, resulting in an experience that's quite distinct from reading something that flows homogeneously. If the translation is not adapted to the flipped artwork carefully enough it is also possible for the text to go against the picture, such as a person referring to something on their left in the text while pointing to their right in the graphic. Characters shown writing with their right hands, the majority of them, would become left-handed when a series is flipped. Flipping may also cause oddities with familiar asymmetrical objects or layouts, such as a car being depicted with the gas pedal on the left and the brake on the right, or a shirt with the buttons on the wrong side, but these issues are minor when compared to the unnatural reading flow, and some of them could be solved with an adaptation work that goes beyond just translation and blind flipping.[85]

Europe

Manga has influenced European cartooning in a way that is somewhat different from in the U.S. Broadcast anime in France and Italy opened the European market to manga during the 1970s.[86] French art has borrowed from Japan since the 19th century (Japonism)[87] and has its own highly developed tradition of bande dessinée cartooning.[88] In France, beginning in the mid-1990s,[89] manga has proven very popular to a wide readership, accounting for about one-third of comics sales in France since 2004.[90] According to the Japan External Trade Organization, sales of manga reached $212.6 million within France and Germany alone in 2006.[86] France represents about 50% of the European market and is the second worldwide market, behind Japan.[13] In 2013, there were 41 publishers of manga in France and, together with other Asian comics, manga represented around 40% of new comics releases in the country,[91] surpassing Franco-Belgian comics for the first time.[92] European publishers marketing manga translated into French include Asuka, Casterman, Glénat, Kana, and Pika Édition, among others.[citation needed] European publishers also translate manga into Dutch, German, Italian, and other languages. In 2007, about 70% of all comics sold in Germany were manga.[93]

Manga publishers based in the United Kingdom include Gollancz and Titan Books.[citation needed] Manga publishers from the United States have a strong marketing presence in the United Kingdom: for example, the Tanoshimi line from Random House.[citation needed]

United States

Manga made their way only gradually into U.S. markets, first in association with anime and then independently.[94] Some U.S. fans became aware of manga in the 1970s and early 1980s.[95] However, anime was initially more accessible than manga to U.S. fans,[96] many of whom were college-age young people who found it easier to obtain, subtitle, and exhibit video tapes of anime than translate, reproduce, and distribute tankōbon-style manga books.[97] One of the first manga translated into English and marketed in the U.S. was Keiji Nakazawa's Barefoot Gen, an autobiographical story of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima issued by Leonard Rifas and Educomics (1980–1982).[98] More manga were translated between the mid-1980s and 1990s, including Golgo 13 in 1986, Lone Wolf and Cub from First Comics in 1987, and Kamui, Area 88, and Mai the Psychic Girl, also in 1987 and all from Viz Media-Eclipse Comics.[99] Others soon followed, including Akira from Marvel Comics' Epic Comics imprint, Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind from Viz Media, and Appleseed from Eclipse Comics in 1988, and later Iczer-1 (Antarctic Press, 1994) and Ippongi Bang's F-111 Bandit (Antarctic Press, 1995).

In the 1980s to the mid-1990s, Japanese animation, like Akira, Dragon Ball, Neon Genesis Evangelion, and Pokémon, made a bigger impact on the fan experience and in the market than manga.[100] Matters changed when translator-entrepreneur Toren Smith founded Studio Proteus in 1986. Smith and Studio Proteus acted as an agent and translator of many Japanese manga, including Masamune Shirow's Appleseed and Kōsuke Fujishima's Oh My Goddess!, for Dark Horse and Eros Comix, eliminating the need for these publishers to seek their own contacts in Japan.[101]Simultaneously, the Japanese publisher Shogakukan opened a U.S. market initiative with their U.S. subsidiary Viz, enabling Viz to draw directly on Shogakukan's catalogue and translation skills.[84]

Japanese publishers began pursuing a U.S. market in the mid-1990s due to a stagnation in the domestic market for manga.[102] The U.S. manga market took an upturn with mid-1990s anime and manga versions of Masamune Shirow's Ghost in the Shell (translated by Frederik L. Schodt and Toren Smith) becoming very popular among fans.[103] An extremely successful manga and anime translated and dubbed in English in the mid-1990s was Sailor Moon.[104] By 1995–1998, the Sailor Moon manga had been exported to over 23 countries, including China, Brazil, Mexico, Australia, North America and most of Europe.[105] In 1997, Mixx Entertainment began publishing Sailor Moon, along with CLAMP's Magic Knight Rayearth, Hitoshi Iwaaki's Parasyte and Tsutomu Takahashi's Ice Blade in the monthly manga magazine MixxZine. Two years later, MixxZine was renamed to Tokyopop before discontinuing in 2011. Mixx Entertainment, later renamed Tokyopop, also published manga in trade paperbacks and, like Viz, began aggressive marketing of manga to both young male and young female demographics.[106]

In the following years, manga became increasingly popular, and new publishers entered the field while the established publishers greatly expanded their catalogues.[107] The Pokémon mangaElectric Tale of Pikachu issue #1 sold over 1million copies in the United States, making it the best-selling single comic book in the United States since 1993.[108] By 2008, the U.S. and Canadian manga market generated $175 million in annual sales.[109] Simultaneously, mainstream U.S. media began to discuss manga, with articles in The New York Times, Time magazine, The Wall Street Journal, and Wired magazine.[110] As of 2017, manga distributor Viz Media is the largest publisher of graphic novels and comic books in the United States, with a 23% share of the market.[111]

Localized manga

Main articles: DZ-manga, Manfra, and Original English-language manga

A number of artists in the United States have drawn comics and cartoons influenced by manga. As an early example, Vernon Grant drew manga-influenced comics while living in Japan in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[112] Others include Frank Miller's mid-1980s Ronin, Adam Warren and Toren Smith's 1988 The Dirty Pair,[113]Ben Dunn's 1987 Ninja High School and Manga Shi 2000 from Crusade Comics (1997).

By the 21st century several U.S. manga publishers had begun to produce work by U.S. artists under the broad marketing-label of manga.[114] In 2002 I.C. Entertainment, formerly Studio Ironcat and now out of business, launched a series of manga by U.S. artists called Amerimanga.[115] In 2004 eigoMANGA launched the Rumble Pak and Sakura Pakkanthology series. Seven Seas Entertainment followed suit with World Manga.[116] Simultaneously, TokyoPop introduced original English-language manga (OEL manga) later renamed Global Manga.[117]

Francophone artists have also developed their own versions of manga (manfra), like Frédéric Boilet's la nouvelle manga. Boilet has worked in France and in Japan, sometimes collaborating with Japanese artists.[118]

Awards

The Japanese manga industry grants a large number of awards, mostly sponsored by publishers, with the winning prize usually including publication of the winning stories in magazines released by the sponsoring publisher. Examples of these awards include:

  • The Akatsuka Award for humorous manga
  • The Dengeki Comic Grand Prix for one-shot manga
  • The Japan Cartoonists Association Award various categories
  • The Kodansha Manga Award (multiple genre awards)
  • The Seiun Award for best science fiction comic of the year
  • The Shogakukan Manga Award (multiple genres)
  • The Tezuka Award for best new serial manga
  • The Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize (multiple genres)
One thousand years of manga pdf torrent downloads

The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs has awarded the International Manga Award annually since May 2007.[119]

University education

Kyoto Seika University in Japan has offered a highly competitive course in manga since 2000.[120][121] Then, several established universities and vocational schools (専門学校: Semmon gakkou) established a training curriculum.

Shuho Sato, who wrote Umizaru and Say Hello to Black Jack, has created some controversy on Twitter. Sato says, 'Manga school is meaningless because those schools have very low success rates. Then, I could teach novices required skills on the job in three months. Meanwhile, those school students spend several million yen, and four years, yet they are good for nothing.' and that, 'For instance, Keiko Takemiya, the then professor of Seika Univ., remarked in the Government Council that 'A complete novice will be able to understand where is 'Tachikiri' (i.e., margin section) during four years.' On the other hand, I would imagine that, It takes about thirty minutes to completely understand that at work.'[122]

See also

  • E-toki (horizontal, illustrated narrative form)
  • Lianhuanhua (small Chinese picture book)
  • Q-version (cartoonification)

References

Inline citations

  1. ^Lent 2001, pp. 3–4, Gravett 2004, p. 8
  2. ^Kern 2006, Ito 2005, Schodt 1986
  3. ^Merriam-Webster 2009
  4. ^'Manga/Anime topics'. www.mit.edu. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  5. ^Brenner, Robin E. (30 June 2007). Understanding Manga and Anime. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN9780313094484.
  6. ^Gravett 2004, p. 8
  7. ^Kinsella 2000, Schodt 1996
  8. ^Schodt, Frederik (1996). Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga. Berkeley, CA: Stone Bridge Press. pp. 19-20. ISBN978-1-880656-23-5.
  9. ^ ab'Manga, anime rooted in Japanese history'. The Indianapolis Star. 2 August 1997.
  10. ^Wong 2006, Patten 2004
  11. ^Bouissou, Jean-Marie (2006). 'JAPAN'S GROWING CULTURAL POWER: THE EXAMPLE OF MANGA IN FRANCE'.
  12. ^Eurasiam. 'The Manga Market : Eurasiam – Japanese art & communication School'. www.eurasiam.com. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  13. ^ abDanica Davidson (26 January 2012). 'Manga grows in the heart of Europe'. Geek Out! CNN. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  14. ^Katzenstein & Shiraishi 1997
  15. ^ abGravett 2004, p. 8, Schodt 1986
  16. ^Kinsella 2000
  17. ^Kittelson 1998
  18. ^Johnston-O'Neill 2007
  19. ^Webb 2006
  20. ^Wong 2002
  21. ^Rousmaniere 2001, p. 54, Thompson 2007, p. xiii, Prohl & Nelson 2012, p. 596,Fukushima 2013, p. 19
  22. ^Webb 2006,Thompson 2007, p. xvi,Onoda 2009, p. 10,Petersen 2011, p. 120
  23. ^Thompson 2007, p. xiii, Onoda 2009, p. 10, Prohl & Nelson 2012, p. 596, Fukushima 2013, p. 19
  24. ^ abProhl & Nelson 2012, p. 596,McCarthy 2014, p. 6
  25. ^ ab'Santō Kyōden's picturebooks'.
  26. ^ ab'Shiji no yukikai(Japanese National Diet Library)'.
  27. ^'Hokusai Manga (15 Vols complete)'.
  28. ^ abBouquillard & Marquet 2007
  29. ^Shimizu 1985, pp. 53–54, 102–103
  30. ^'Inu Yasha Ani-MangaGraphic Novels'. Animecornerstore.com. 1 November 1999. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
  31. ^ abKageyama, Y. 'A SHORT HISTORY OF JAPANESE MANGA'. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  32. ^Kern (2006), pp. 139–144, Fig. 3.3
  33. ^Kern 2006
  34. ^Schodt 1986, Ito 2004, Kern 2006, Kern 2007
  35. ^Kinsella 2000, Schodt 1986
  36. ^Schodt 1986, Schodt 1996, Schodt 2007, Gravett 2004
  37. ^Kodansha 1999, pp. 692–715, Schodt 2007
  38. ^Schodt 1986
  39. ^Gravett 2004, p. 8, Lee 2000, Sanchez 1997–2003
  40. ^Schodt 1986, Toku 2006
  41. ^Gravett 2004, pp. 78–80, Lent 2001, pp. 9–10
  42. ^Schodt 1986, Toku 2006, Thorn 2001
  43. ^Ōgi 2004
  44. ^Gravett 2004, p. 8, Schodt 1996
  45. ^Drazen 2003
  46. ^Allison 2000, pp. 259–278, Schodt 1996, p. 92
  47. ^Poitras 2001
  48. ^Thompson 2007, pp. xxiii–xxiv
  49. ^Brenner 2007, pp. 31–34
  50. ^Schodt 1996, p. 95, Perper & Cornog 2002
  51. ^Schodt 1986, pp. 68–87, Gravett 2004, pp. 52–73
  52. ^Schodt 1986, pp. 68–87
  53. ^Perper & Cornog 2002, pp. 60–63
  54. ^Gardner 2003
  55. ^Perper & Cornog 2002
  56. ^'Tokyo moves a step closer to manga porn crackdown'. The Yomiuri Shimbun. 14 December 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010.
  57. ^Rosenbaum, Roman (2011). 'Gekiga as a site of Intercultural Exchange'(PDF). Kyoto Seika University.
  58. ^Schodt 1986, pp. 68–73, Gravett 2006
  59. ^Schodt 1986, pp. 68–73, Gravett 2004, pp. 38–42, Isao 2001
  60. ^Isao 2001, pp. 147–149, Nunez 2006
  61. ^Manga Hai Kya, Comics : Shekhar Gurera The Pioneer, New Delhi
  62. ^ abCube 2007
  63. ^ abManga Industry in Japan
  64. ^Schodt 1996
  65. ^Manga Museum 2009
  66. ^Schodt 1996, p. 101
  67. ^Eshinbun Nipponchi
  68. ^Griffiths 2007
  69. ^ abPoten
  70. ^ abcShonen Pakku
  71. ^Lone 2007, p. 75
  72. ^Manga no Kuni
  73. ^ abPost, Washington (11 November 2017). 'How new technology could alter manga publishing'. Daily Herald.
  74. ^'How Pixiv Built Japan's 12th Largest Site With Manga-Girl Drawings (Redesign Sneak Peek And Invites)'.
  75. ^Chapman, Paul. ''One-Punch Man' Anime Greenlit'. Crunchyroll.
  76. ^Komatsu, Mikikazu. 'Watch 'Hayate the Combat Butler' Manga Author's Drawing Video of Nagi'. Crunchyroll.
  77. ^Chapman, Paul. 'Brawny Battling Manga 'Kengan Ashura' Makes the Leap to Anime'. Crunchyroll.
  78. ^'Kodansha Comics May Digital-First Debuts'. Anime News Network.
  79. ^Nagata, Kazuaki (2 August 2017). 'As manga goes digital via smartphone apps, do paper comics still have a place?' – via Japan Times Online.
  80. ^'Kakao mulls listing Japan unit'. koreatimes. 5 September 2017.
  81. ^'ReLIFE Anime Promotes July Premiere With Animated Promo'. Anime News Network.
  82. ^'Crunchyroll to Stream Recovery of an MMO Junkie Anime'. Anime News Network.
  83. ^Pink 2007, Wong 2007
  84. ^ abFarago 2007
  85. ^Randal, Bill (2005). 'English, For Better or Worse'. The Comics Journal (Special ed.). Fantagraphics Books. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012.
  86. ^ abFishbein 2007
  87. ^Berger 1992
  88. ^Vollmar 2007
  89. ^Mahousu 2005
  90. ^Mahousu 2005, ANN 2004, Riciputi 2007
  91. ^Brigid Alverson (12 February 2014). 'Strong French Manga Market Begins to Dip'. publishersweekly.com. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  92. ^Rich Johnston (1 January 2014). 'French Comics In 2013 – It's Not All Asterix. But Quite A Bit Is'. bleedingcool.com. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  93. ^Jennifer Fishbein (27 December 2007). 'Europe's Manga Mania'. Spiegel Online International. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
  94. ^Patten 2004
  95. ^In 1987, '...Japanese comics were more legendary than accessible to American readers', Patten 2004, p. 259
  96. ^Napier 2000, pp. 239–256, Clements & McCarthy 2006, pp. 475–476
  97. ^Patten 2004, Schodt 1996, pp. 305–340, Leonard 2004
  98. ^Schodt 1996, p. 309, Rifas 2004, Rifas adds that the original EduComics titles were Gen of Hiroshima and I SAW IT [sic].
  99. ^Patten 2004, pp. 37, 259–260, Thompson 2007, p. xv
  100. ^Leonard 2004, Patten 2004, pp. 52–73, Farago 2007
  101. ^Schodt 1996, pp. 318–321, Dark Horse Comics 2004
  102. ^Brienza, Casey E. (2009). 'Books, Not Comics: Publishing Fields, Globalization, and Japanese Manga in the United States'. Publishing Research Quarterly. 25 (2): 101–117. doi:10.1007/s12109-009-9114-2.
  103. ^Kwok Wah Lau, Jenny (2003). '4'. Multiple modernities: cinemas and popular media in transcultural East Asia. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 78.
  104. ^Patten 2004, pp. 50, 110, 124, 128, 135, Arnold 2000
  105. ^Schodt 1996, p. 95
  106. ^Arnold 2000, Farago 2007, Bacon 2005
  107. ^Schodt 1996, pp. 308–319
  108. ^'The last million-selling comic book in North America? It's Batman vs. Pokémon for the title'. Comichron. 8 May 2014.
  109. ^Reid 2009
  110. ^Glazer 2005, Masters 2006, Bosker 2007, Pink 2007
  111. ^Magulick, Aaron (8 October 2017). 'Viz Manga Sales are Destroying DC, Marvel in Comic Market'. GoBoiano.
  112. ^Stewart 1984
  113. ^Crandol 2002
  114. ^Tai 2007
  115. ^ANN 2002
  116. ^ANN 10 May 2006
  117. ^ANN 5 May 2006
  118. ^Boilet 2001, Boilet & Takahama 2004
  119. ^ANN 2007, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan 2007
  120. ^Obunsha Co., Ltd. (18 July 2014). 京都精華大学、入試結果 (倍率)、マンガ学科。 (in Japanese). Obunsha Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  121. ^Kyoto Seika University. 'Kyoto Seika University, Faculty of Manga'. Kyoto Seika University. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  122. ^Shuho Sato; et al. (26 July 2012). 漫画を学校で学ぶ意義とは (in Japanese). togetter. Retrieved 19 July 2014.

Works cited

  • Allison, Anne (2000). 'Sailor Moon: Japanese superheroes for global girls'. In Craig, Timothy J. (ed.). Japan Pop! Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN978-0-7656-0561-0.
  • Arnold, Adam (2000). 'Full Circle: The Unofficial History of MixxZine'. Retrieved 19 December 2007.
  • Bacon, Michelle (14 April 2005). 'Tangerine Dreams: Guide to Shoujo Manga and Anime'. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
  • Berger, Klaus (1992). Japonisme in Western Painting from Whistler to Matisse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-37321-0.
  • Boilet, Frédéric (2001). Yukiko's Spinach. Castalla-Alicante, Spain: Ponent Mon. ISBN978-84-933093-4-3.
  • Boilet, Frédéric; Takahama, Kan (2004). Mariko Parade. Castalla-Alicante, Spain: Ponent Mon. ISBN978-84-933409-1-9.
  • Bosker, Bianca (31 August 2007). 'Manga Mania'. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
  • Bouquillard, Jocelyn; Marquet, Christophe (1 June 2007). Hokusai: First Manga Master. New York: Abrams. ISBN978-0-8109-9341-9.
  • Brenner, Robin E. (2007). Understanding Manga and Anime. Westport, Connecticut: Libraries Unlimited/Greenwood. ISBN978-1-59158-332-5.
  • Clements, Jonathan; McCarthy, Helen (2006). The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917, Revised and Expanded Edition. Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge Press. ISBN978-1-933330-10-5.
  • Crandol, Mike (14 January 2002). 'The Dirty Pair: Run from the Future'. Anime News Network. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
  • Cube (18 December 2007). 2007年のオタク市場規模は1866億円―メディアクリエイトが白書 (in Japanese). Inside for All Games. Retrieved 18 December 2007.
  • 'Dark Horse buys Studio Proteus' (Press release). Dark Horse Comics. 6 February 2004.
  • Drazen, Patrick (2003). Anime Explosion! The What? Why? & Wow! of Japanese Animation. Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge. ISBN978-1-880656-72-3.
  • Farago, Andrew (30 September 2007). 'Interview: Jason Thompson'. The Comics Journal. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
  • Fishbein, Jennifer (26 December 2007). 'Europe's Manga Mania'. BusinessWeek. Retrieved 29 December 2007.
  • Fukushima, Yoshiko (2013). Manga Discourse in Japan Theatre. Routledge. p. 19. ISBN9781136772733.
  • Gardner, William O. (November 2003). 'Attack of the Phallic Girls'. Science Fiction Studies (88). Retrieved 5 April 2008.
  • Glazer, Sarah (18 September 2005). 'Manga for Girls'. The New York Times. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
  • Gravett, Paul (2004). Manga: Sixty Years of Japanese Comics. New York: Harper Design. ISBN978-1-85669-391-2.
  • Gravett, Paul (15 October 2006). 'Gekiga: The Flipside of Manga'. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
  • Griffiths, Owen (22 September 2007). 'Militarizing Japan: Patriotism, Profit, and Children's Print Media, 1894–1925'. Japan Focus. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
  • Isao, Shimizu (2001). 'Red Comic Books: The Origins of Modern Japanese Manga'. In Lent, John A. (ed.). Illustrating Asia: Comics, Humor Magazines, and Picture Books. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN978-0-8248-2471-6.
  • Ito, Kinko (2004). 'Growing up Japanese reading manga'. International Journal of Comic Art (6): 392–401.
  • Ito, Kinko (2005). 'A history of manga in the context of Japanese culture and society'. The Journal of Popular Culture. 38 (3): 456–475. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.2005.00123.x. Retrieved 5 April 2008.
  • Johnston-O'Neill, Tom (3 August 2007). 'Finding the International in Comic Con International'. The San Diego Participant Observer. Retrieved 5 April 2008.
  • Katzenstein, Peter J.; Shiraishi, Takashi (1997). Network Power: Japan in Asia. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN978-0-8014-8373-8.
  • Kern, Adam (2006). Manga from the Floating World: Comicbook Culture and the Kibyōshi of Edo Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN978-0-674-02266-9.
  • Kern, Adam (2007). 'Symposium: Kibyoshi: The World's First Comicbook?'. International Journal of Comic Art (9): 1–486.
  • Kinsella, Sharon (2000). Adult Manga: Culture and Power in Contemporary Japanese Society. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN978-0-8248-2318-4.
  • Kittelson, Mary Lynn (1998). The Soul of Popular Culture: Looking at Contemporary Heroes, Myths, and Monsters. Chicago: Open Court. ISBN978-0-8126-9363-8.
  • Lee, William (2000). 'From Sazae-san to Crayon Shin-Chan'. In Craig, Timothy J. (ed.). Japan Pop!: Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN978-0-7656-0561-0.
  • Lent, John A. (2001). Illustrating Asia: Comics, Humor Magazines, and Picture Books. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN978-0-8248-2471-6.
  • Leonard, Sean (12 September 2004). 'Progress Against the Law: Fan Distribution, Copyright, and the Explosive Growth of Japanese Animation'(PDF). Retrieved 19 December 2007.
  • Lone, Stewart (2007). Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN978-0-313-33684-3.
  • Mahousu (January 2005). 'Les editeurs des mangas'. self-published. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2007.[unreliable source?]
  • Masters, Coco (10 August 2006). 'America is Drawn to Manga'. Time Magazine.
  • 'First International MANGA Award' (Press release). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 29 June 2007.
  • McCarthy, Helen (2014). A Brief History of Manga: The Essential Pocket Guide to the Japanese Pop Culture Phenomenon. Hachette UK. p. 6. ISBN9781781571309.
  • Napier, Susan J. (2000). Anime: From Akira to Princess Mononoke. New York: Palgrave. ISBN978-0-312-23863-6.
  • Nunez, Irma (24 September 2006). 'Alternative Comics Heroes: Tracing the Genealogy of Gekiga'. The Japan Times. Retrieved 19 December 2007.
  • Ōgi, Fusami (2004). 'Female subjectivity and shōjo (girls) manga (Japanese comics): shōjo in Ladies' Comics and Young Ladies' Comics'. The Journal of Popular Culture. 36 (4): 780–803. doi:10.1111/1540-5931.00045.
  • Onoda, Natsu (2009). God of Comics: Osamu Tezuka and the Creation of Post-World War II Manga. University Press of Mississippi. p. 10. ISBN9781604734782.
  • Patten, Fred (2004). Watching Anime, Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews. Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge Press. ISBN978-1-880656-92-1.
  • Perper, Timothy; Cornog, Martha (2002). 'Eroticism for the masses: Japanese manga comics and their assimilation into the U.S.'. Sexuality & Culture. 6 (1): 3–126. doi:10.1007/s12119-002-1000-4.
  • Perper, Timothy; Cornog, Martha (2003). 'Sex, love, and women in Japanese comics'. In Francoeur, Robert T.; Noonan, Raymond J. (eds.). The Comprehensive International Encyclopedia of Sexuality. New York: Continuum. ISBN978-0-8264-1488-5.
  • Petersen, Robert S. (2011). Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives. ABC-CLIO. ISBN9780313363306.
  • Prohl, Inken; Nelson, John K (2012). Handbook of Contemporary Japanese Religions. BRILL. p. 596. ISBN9789004234352.
  • Pink, Daniel H. (22 October 2007). 'Japan, Ink: Inside the Manga Industrial Complex'. Wired. 15 (11). Retrieved 19 December 2007.
  • Poitras, Gilles (2001). Anime Essentials: Every Thing a Fan Needs to Know. Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge. ISBN978-1-880656-53-2.
  • Reid, Calvin (28 March 2006). 'HarperCollins, Tokyopop Ink Manga Deal'. Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
  • Reid, Calvin (6 February 2009). '2008 Graphic Novel Sales Up 5%; Manga Off 17%'. Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
  • Riciputi, Marco (25 October 2007). 'Komikazen: European comics go independent'. Cafebabel.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2008.[unreliable source?]
  • Rifas, Leonard (2004). 'Globalizing Comic Books from Below: How Manga Came to America'. International Journal of Comic Art. 6 (2): 138–171.
  • Rousmaniere, Nicole (2001). Births and Rebirths in Japanese Art : Essays Celebrating the Inauguration of the Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures. Hotei Publishing. ISBN978-9074822442.
  • Sanchez, Frank (1997–2003). 'Hist 102: History of Manga'. AnimeInfo. Archived from the original on 5 February 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2007.
  • Schodt, Frederik L. (1986). Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics. Tokyo: Kodansha. ISBN978-0-87011-752-7.
  • Schodt, Frederik L. (1996). Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga. Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge Press. ISBN978-1-880656-23-5.
  • Schodt, Frederik L. (2007). The Astro Boy Essays: Osamu Tezuka, Mighty Atom, and the Manga/Anime Revolution. Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge Press. ISBN978-1-933330-54-9.
  • Shimizu, Isao (June 1985). 日本漫画の事典 : 全国のマンガファンに贈る (Nihon Manga no Jiten – Dictionary of Japanese Manga) (in Japanese). Sun lexica. ISBN978-4-385-15586-9.
  • Stewart, Bhob (October 1984). 'Screaming Metal'. The Comics Journal (94).
  • Tai, Elizabeth (23 September 2007). 'Manga outside Japan'. Star Online. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2007.
  • Tchiei, Go (1998). 'Characteristics of Japanese Manga'. Retrieved 5 April 2008.
  • Thompson, Jason (2007). Manga: The Complete Guide. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN978-0-345-48590-8.
  • Thorn, Matt (July – September 2001). 'Shôjo Manga—Something for the Girls'. The Japan Quarterly. 48 (3). Retrieved 5 April 2008.
  • Toku, Masami (Spring 2006). 'Shojo Manga: Girl Power!'. Chico Statements. California State University, Chico. ISBN978-1-886226-10-4. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2008.
  • Vollmar, Rob (1 March 2007). 'Frederic Boilet and the Nouvelle Manga revolution'. World Literature Today. Retrieved 14 September 2007.
  • Webb, Martin (28 May 2006). 'Manga by any other name is...'The Japan Times. Retrieved 5 April 2008.
  • Wong, Wendy Siuyi (2002). Hong Kong Comics: A History of Manhua. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN978-1-56898-269-4.
  • Wong, Wendy Siuyi (2006). 'Globalizing manga: From Japan to Hong Kong and beyond'. Mechademia: an Annual Forum for Anime, Manga, and the Fan Arts. pp. 23–45.
  • Wong, Wendy (September 2007). 'The Presence of Manga in Europe and North America'. Media Digest. Retrieved 19 December 2007.
  • 'About Manga Museum: Current situation of manga culture'. Kyoto Manga Museum. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
  • 'Correction: World Manga'. Anime News Network. 10 May 2006. Retrieved 19 December 2007.
  • 'I.C. promotes AmeriManga'. Anime News Network. 11 November 2002. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
  • 'Interview with Tokyopop's Mike Kiley'. ICv2. 7 September 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2007.
  • Japan: Profile of a Nation, Revised Edition. Tokyo: Kodansha International. 1999. ISBN978-4-7700-2384-1.
  • 'Japan's Foreign Minister Creates Foreign Manga Award'. Anime News Network. 22 May 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  • 'manga'. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
  • 'Manga-mania in France'. Anime News Network. 4 February 2004. Retrieved 19 December 2007.
  • ''Manga no Kuni': A manga magazine from the Second Sino-Japanese War period'. Kyoto International Manga Museum. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  • ''Poten': a manga magazine from Kyoto'. Kyoto International Manga Museum. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  • ''Shonen Pakku'; Japan's first children's manga magazine'. Kyoto International Manga Museum. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  • 'The first Japanese manga magazine: Eshinbun Nipponchi'. Kyoto International Manga Museum. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  • 'Tokyopop To Move Away from OEL and World Manga Labels'. Anime News Network. 5 May 2006. Retrieved 19 December 2007.

Further reading

  • 'Japanese Manga Market Drops Below 500 Billion Yen'. ComiPress. 10 March 2007.
  • 'Un poil de culture – Une introduction à l'animation japonaise' (in French). 11 July 2007. Archived from the original on 8 January 2008.
  • Hattie Jones, 'Manga girls: Sex, love, comedy and crime in recent boy's manga and anime,' in Brigitte Steger and Angelika Koch (2013 eds): Manga Girl Seeks Herbivore Boy. Studying Japanese Gender at Cambridge. Lit Publisher, pp. 24–81.
  • (in Italian) Marcella Zaccagnino and Sebastiano Contrari. 'Manga: il Giappone alla conquista del mondo' (Archive) Limes, rivista italiana di geopolitica. 31/10/2007.
  • Unser-Schutz, Giancarla (2015). 'Influential or influenced? The relationship between genre, gender and language in manga'. Gender and Language. 9 (2): 223–254. doi:10.1558/genl.v9i2.17331.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manga.
  • Manga at Curlie
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manga&oldid=895518836'
Hidden categories:
◀ Tune Mere Jaana Kabhi Nahi Jaana Mp3 Free Download Songs Pk

Twitter | Discord (Main) | Discord (Announcements only)

May 6th, 2021

MangaDex v5's MVP API open beta is now live to the public for testing. The API is currently in a read-only state while the frontend is unfinished. Creating/editing/deleting functionalities will be re-enabled in the future. The point of this public beta is to allow people to familiarize themselves with the API and let us know if there's anything we've missed that needs to be fixed, changed, or added in.

API Documentation: here

What's in the API:

  • Users and Follows/Custom Lists
  • Manga and Chapter feeds
  • Groups and Authors
  • Searching for Manga
  • And more
  • (You can read chapters through the API right now, Tachiyomi soonTM...)
  • (covers are missing)

We understand that some may be frustrated by the lack of complete functionality at this point in time, but it is important to make sure that we build for the future and not for gratification in the present. While we are monitoring the public beta for ways to improve the API and our infrastructure, work will proceed with the front end. We will not be giving an estimated release date at this time, only to say that all front end developers are singularly devoted to reading their manga as quickly as possible!

As always, we appreciate the love and support the community has shown us. Keep an eye on our Twitter and our Announcement Discord server for updates as they come.

April 18th, 2021

As of time (18 Apr 2021 2:00 PM UTC) of writing this post, we have positively identified the database leak in the wild, as we had feared would happen. This means that your username, email, IP address and securely hashed passwords are now potentially public knowledge. If you have not done so yet, we strongly advise that you change your credentials on any site that you may have shared with MangaDex. We are currently working with HIBP (https://haveibeenpwned.com/) to get the affected accounts added and notified, and plan to find a way to properly notify everyone affected via email.

As of now, the leak is not public and is instead being shared privately among certain groups of people who have ill intentions against MangaDex and have chosen to be complicit in the breach by keeping quiet about it, likely for unethical reasons. We do not know how many people have their hands on the data, or how long they have had it, but we expect the responsible parties to escalate the situation soon after by releasing the data publicly in some form.

We apologise for allowing this incident to happen, and we promise to do better in MangaDex v5.

EDIT #1: Your passwords are still securely hashed with bcrypt, no plaintext/visible passwords were found in the leak as of this time.

EDIT #2: Your last accessed IP may also be exposed in the database leak.

EDIT #3: For better explanation on how your passwords are stored, here's a handy dandy video that just about explains the basics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6cmuiTBZVs

April 6th, 2021

After putting in two and a half weeks of effort towards v5, we have a good sense of where we are in terms of progress towards getting the site back up. Things did not go as smoothly as we dared to hope, but significant progress has still been made.

The backend Symfony API that will support search (exciting), authentication, and the creation, retrieval, updating, and deletion of users, manga, chapters, follows etc is almost complete with optimistic estimates towards getting it live this weekend for testing. This gives mobile apps a chance to code for the new API if they'd like, but they should also be wary that the API is subject to change as we develop the frontend.

The VueJS SPA frontend won't be up this week, but getting it up within the next two weeks is our ideal goal. To accelerate this estimate, we are once again accepting offers for help. If you have experience with Vue 2, Nuxt, and Vuetify specifically, we would love to have you on board to help.

We're currently using Vuetify to hasten MVP development but future v5 design would use a CSS framework rather than a UI library like Vuetify as well as migrating to Vue 3. We have a fairly complete design document to follow, all you would need to do is implement it. If you're interested in assisting with development of the initial MVP, join our Discord server and DM Plykiya#1738. We'll likely only accept a few so as to avoid having too many people attempting to work on the same thing at the same time, but in the future the frontend will become open-source for all to contribute to.

Sorry for the continued wait, we're just trying to do things right the first time, not the second or third.

March 21st, 2021

Due to a recent hacking incident, MangaDex will be down until further notice.

Instead of keeping up a likely vulnerable website and wasting our time and efforts playing cat-and-mouse with constant attacks from DDoS to hacking, we have decided to take this opportunity to refocus and expedite our planned rewrite of the site, called v5. Contrary to our original plans, however, we will be launching this v5 as soon as the minimum essential features are ready.

As developing and maintaining MangaDex is nobody's actual job, it is difficult to give an accurate estimate as to when we'll be back up and running. It should go without saying that every one of us wants it to happen as soon as safely possible.

That said, if everything goes as smoothly as we dare to hope, we could be looking at a downtime of just a week or two. Or three.

For up-to-date news about our progress, please follow us on Twitter.

In the meantime, please take the time to read this full write-up of what happened, what our options for plans of action were, how the data breach may have affected you, and how you may be able to help by disclosing vulnerabilities.

All timings are in UTC time.

1. A brief recap:

Three days ago (2021-03-17), we correctly identified and reported that a malicious actor had managed to gain access to an admin account through the reuse of a session token found in an old database leak through faulty configuration of session management. Following that event, we moved to identify the vulnerable section of code and worked to patch it up, also clearing session data globally to thwart further attempts at exploitation through the same method.

After the breach, we started spending many hours reviewing the code for possible further vulnerabilities, and started to patch what we could find to the best of our capabilities. This ran parallel to us opening the site after the breach, as we had incorrectly assumed that the attacker would not be able to gain further access. However, as a precaution, we had started rolling out monitoring of our infrastructure and had remained vigilant in the event the attacker returned.

2. Why did we go down again?

At 2021-03-20 01:52:48, the attacker had managed to access the account of one of our developers who had been previously offline for four days. However, this time around we noticed this immediately and shut the site down at 01:53:40 to investigate further.

One Thousand Years Of Manga Pdf Torrent Download

At 2021-03-20 02:10, the attacker had sent an email out to the first ten users with the message body, “MangaDex has a DB leak. I suggest you tell their staff about it.” abandoning any pretenses of ransom. Moving forward, while we have no clear evidence that a database breach had happened, for best security practices, we will assume it has happened.

At 2021-03-20 03:41, the attacker had updated the git repository containing the source code leak, claiming that we had successfully patched two out of three possible CVEs. Without any way to confirm the claims, we assumed the worst case scenario and kept the site down to further investigate.

3. What have we done since then?

As of writing, we have invited numerous volunteers to assist our developers with identifying the last possible CVE claimed by the attacker in the codebase. Thanks to our volunteers, we have identified a good number of potential security flaws and moved to rectify them. However, at time of writing, we have still yet to identify the last possible CVE claimed by the attacker.

With that knowledge in mind, we were confronted with a difficult decision. If we had assumed incorrectly that the web code is now secure, we could end up being compromised again by the attacker. As a result of that, in good conscience, we could not possibly re-open the website to users presently.

Lastly, our staff consists of volunteers. Volunteers with real life commitments and duties that do not earn a single cent from volunteering for MangaDex. While we aim to provide the best service we can to you, the repeated attacks were starting to take a toll on us all, having to repeatedly scan through thousands of lines of code trying to find a figurative needle in a haystack. We have evaluated our choices on hand and have decided this is unsustainable to both our users, and ourselves.

4. What are we planning to do now?

Seeing as the attacker has no intention of helping us to resolve the security issues and is instead more keen on causing maximum disruption to MangaDex, we have decided to keep the site offline till we are confident in its security. We considered a number of options on hand, namely:

  • Bring the site back in its (potentially vulnerable) current state, and continue watching for signs of more attacks. We decided against this as it could lead to more emergency downtime, which would be frustrating for our users as well as our staff.
  • Bring the site back in a nerfed/read-only state, making it impossible for the attacker to make any further changes. We decided against this because this would mean that the public would not be able to upload, and only our moderators could, which would place a large burden on them.
  • Gut the site of most of its features such that only essential, non-abusable features remain. However, the time spent doing so would be better spent on v5, so this is not a sensible option.
  • Close the site until v5 (the total site rewrite) is completely ready. As mentioned previously, the attacker has access to the v3 code, so this option would be relatively more secure. However, given the current progress of v5, this would mean that the hacker will have successfully deprived the community of manga for a longer period of time, which is most likely the hacker’s motive at this point (to force us offline).
  • Close the site until a barebones version of v5 is complete. This would only contain the minimum essential features, namely to allow readers to read, follow, and groups to upload, much like how v1 of MangaDex was originally released (for those of you who have stuck by us since then) but using the same technologies we’ve planned for v5.

We have decided that option (e) would be the best approach, as it strikes a good balance between downtime and working to bring the site back up in a usable and (most importantly) secure state.

5. Data Breach & You

While we have numerous signs that the attacker had access to information not typically visible from the context of a normal user, we have not been able to confirm a full host compromised, or an up-to-date database breach. We intend to continue to keep a close eye on both and aim to update as we investigate and discover further. Moving forward however, it is in both our users’ interest and ourselves that we will consider the database breached.

One Thousand Years Of Manga Pdf Torrent Online

As a user, we will encourage that you would assume that your data has been breached, and take precautions immediately, such as changing the passwords of any accounts that might share the same password as your MangaDex account. As a generally good security practice, password managers are highly recommended to keep your online identity secure.

6. Disclosures

In the meantime, we are still open to any suggestions or responsible disclosures of vulnerabilities found in the leaked v3 source code. While we have found numerous at time of writing, and have moved to patch most of it, we appreciate all attempts at helping us to find more. For more information, or for disclosures, please kindly approach a staff member on our Discord.

7. Bug Bounties

One Thousand Years Of Manga Pdf Torrent Free

Moving forward from this incident, we sincerely intend to improve upon the security on existing and future infrastructure, and while some of our developers have experience in the security fields, we have decided that having some form of a bug bounty program for v5 will only prove to be beneficial to MangaDex. As means of backing that, we intend to consider payouts depending on the severity of reported bugs. More details to be released in the near future.