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What is a catalytic converter?

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Could you check whether the SIP (Security Integrity Protocol) is activated? In case it is, this forbids passing environment variables to spawned sub-shells which might be a problem for building (or executing) some applications on MAC OS X.

A ‘catalyst’ is a chemical substance thatcauses a chemical reaction. It is in fact that substance that itself don’t takepart in reactions as the same amount which initially gets involved in thereaction i.e., to be precise which was initially gets consumed, gets recoveredtotally and hence in general, there never gets consumed in the reaction.

Routing Identifier Codes (RIC) (located in rp 4-6, 67-69, and 74-76 of transactions) are assigned by Service/Agencies (S/A) for processing inter-S/A, and intra-S/A logistical transactions. To remove Free PGI for OS X, simply drag the icon from the Applications folder to the Trash. To remove a PGI installation from a Windows platform, use the Control Panel- Programs and Features facility, and uninstall the PGI product or version in question.

A catalytic converter employs this principleand uses catalyst substances to clean up harmful gas substance from the enginebefore they exit the exhaust pipe to the atmosphere.

A catalytic converter generally looks like anexhaust silencer, only smaller and slimmer.

On modern cars, ‘cats’ are normally placedright up next to the engine so they’ll warm up quicker.

They are much more efficient in highertemperature, which is why it makes sense for them to be located close to theengine where the temperature is very higher.

Since the late 2000’s theuse of DPF’s (Diesel Particulate Filters) have been introduced into the dieselworld as a form of a new and advanced catalytic converter. With diesel enginesgenerally being known for dirtier burn residue than gas engines, there was aproblem. Many of you have been driving and have seen that black smoke billowingout of a old dump truck or tractor trailer on the roadside, many auto and truckmakers started to do something to change it with something more ecofriendy.

New laws helping in cut down of greenhouseemissions also had something to do with it. These new Diesel ParticulateFilters have been able to reduce and cut down on the black smoke emissions andbeen able to help diesel trucks, buses, vans, and other cars exhaust burn muchcleaner, more efficient and have created a new category of catalytic convertersfor scrap too.

Why do cars need a catalytic converter?

A car exhaust produces large amount of toxicemissions that are damaging our environment if they’re released directly intothe air, causing acid rain and smog.

These pollutants are chiefly:

• Hydrocarbons
• Nitrogen oxides
• Carbon monoxide

Since the 1960s, automobile manufacturers havebeen trying to find new ways to reduce the pollutant exhaust gases releasedfrom vehicles.

In 1975, the catalytic converter was born –and it’s now the most important part of a car’s exhaust emission controlsystem.

In 1993, it became law for all petrol carsmanufactured to have a catalytic converter fitted to the exhaust to meetEuropean emissions standards.

Nowadays modern diesel cars are fitted with dieselparticulate filter (DPF).

This does a similar job to a catalyticconverter but removes a greater number of particulates and soot.

All new cars sold nowadays must meetstrict Euro emissions standards designed to clamp down on exhaustpollutants.

How Catalyticconverter works

Inside the converter, the gases flow through a dense honeycomb structuremade from a ceramic and coatedwith the different grade catalysts. The honeycomb structure helps the gases to toucha bigger area of catalyst at once, so they are converted more quickly andefficiently.

There are generally two different catalystsinvolved in a catalytic converter:

• One of them tackles mainly nitrogen oxide pollution using a chemical process of removing oxygen (reduction). This breaks up nitrogen oxides into nitrogen and oxygen gases which are harmless gases.
• The other catalyst works by an opposite chemical process of addition of oxygen (oxidation) and turns carbon monoxide into CO2. Another oxidation reaction turns unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust into water and carbon dioxide.

Three different chemical reactions are going on at the same time, that’swhy it is also known as three-way catalytic converters. Some,less-effective converters carry out only the second two oxidation additionreactions, so they’re called two-way catalytic converters. Afterthe catalyst has done its job, what emerge from the exhaust is mostly oxygen,nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water (in vapor form).

Different gradescatalytic converters are available according to the catalyst used in it.

There are three importantmetals that are used inside of converters as well as other materials.

1. Platinum – Platinum tends to be the best metal for overall excellentperformance in the catalytic converter field. Platinum can be used a metal thathelps to invalidate the fumes and pollution coming from the car’s engine andbefore it comes to exhaust to trap the bad particles, and through differentions, it will negate or invalidate the negative effect caused on theenvironment.

• Palladium – Palladium is generally more expensive to usethen Platinum, so it tends to be come in a higher-end luxury item for catalyticconverter field.

• Rhodium – Used a reduction agent to help eliminate the fumes and thenpaired with palladium to help eliminate more of the toxic gases.

• Ceramic or Metal Foil – This what you see and is actuallyunder the category of precious metals. The honeycomb type of pattern uses throughoutthe catalytic converters is meant to have small openings all around and surfacespace in order to have more and more of the exhausts pass through it andcapture the harmful toxins passes to it.

• Metal Shield – These are generally steel for the outsidecovering, but can often be found as a regular 303/304 stainless steel case or amagnetic stainless steel case.

Pricing ofCatalytic converter

Theeveryday scrapper, parts guy, auto wrecker, or scrap yard manager generally addup the percentage of each precious metal used in a particular catalyticconverter, and THAT is very hard to do. They have to take every measure intoaccount for finding the actual price of the SCRAP catalytic converter.

DPFsand the catalytic converters that will go along with diesel engines generallyhave a much higher value anywhere between 2 to 200 times, then the oldercatalytic converters off of earlier models of the same trucksand vehicles . Thus seeing the scrap prices really start to flourish since manyof these vehicles have been on the road since 2010 and so on.

Below are some of the types of catalytic converter with theirapproximate value in $

Small Foreign Cat -82$-97$ each

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Medium Foreign Cat- 105$-130$

Large Foreign Cat-117$-250$

Foreign pre cat-32$-45$

Domestic cat-51$-62$

Pre Domestic cat-24$-34$

Small gm cat-83$-97$

HowMuch Metal Can you actually Recover From A Catalytic Converter?

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Withthousands of different grades and categories of catalytic converters out there inmarket you would need to collect, well, thousands of catalytic converters ofeach and then analyze each of them separately to get a rough idea about the truepercentage of metals used in each unit and know what each of that is worth thatday. Let’s take the example of copper and apply it to a sample catalyticconverter recovery.

Let’ssay that platinum is worth $100 per ounce in today’s market, you find a carthat has a catalytic converter, and you somehow know the amount of platinumrecovered from it. Assuming none of the inside honeycomb was missing or damagedand assuming that the recovery goes perfectly well, maybe you will able get 0.5ounces of platinum out of it, which multiply by $100 per ounce would equal $50.

Howto Know the True Price of Cats

Unlessyou have 100 catalytic converters off of the same vehicle or same modelcategory, all containing the same amount of material and are able to do theanalysis of those cats through a trusted processor it will be very hard to knowthe number of precious metals inside it. This is why scrap yards and catalyticconverter buyers exist, to buy these from you at a fair existing market rateand be able to pair these converters together with other cats that they haveand ship them to downstream vendors and processors and make some profit out ofit.

Thevalue of catalytic converters per piece comes from many buyers by doing large evaluationof the same type of cats, knowing what the actual amount of recovery ofprecious metals will be from the inside, and then being able to use a pre derivedformula based on the current market pricing on the palladium, platinum andrhodium markets to create a final price out of the formula.

KnowYour Information about Catalytic Converters

Knowing what kind of vehicle is your catalytic converter usedin? Knowing the model make andyear of manufacture of thevehiclecan beeasy for you to the yard you are looking to sell it to. You will have most of the information needed to ask fora relative quote and the yards will have a better idea of what kind ofcatalytic converter you have with you. This will help everyone involved in to geta fair price for the catalytic converter.

Don’tTake the Honeycomb Out

The honeycomb is where you have all yourcatalytic converter precious metal, many venders and inexperienced scrappers immediatelywant to remove the honeycomb from the main shell of the catalytic converter.This is a BIG no-no to scrappers andvenders.

Whenyou remove the honeycomb from the shell, it will be nearly impossible for thescrap yard to identify the type and model of catalytic converter you have. Bykeeping the shell on, your scrap yard can easily identify the kind of vehicleit belongs from and pay you the right amount of money for the precious metalsthat will be recovered when it is processed from the converter

Cut theExhaust Pipes Off

Bycutting off the exhaust pipe yourself, you are giving the yard less work to doand they will be able to give you a better price for your catalytic converter.

The Mac OS X operating system is a variant of unix (called Darwin, which is a derivative of BSD unix). It is a versatile computing platform suitable both for computational chemistry calculations and for developing and compiling programs.

Although scientific programs use a variety of languages (basic, pascal, c, java, perl, python, ...), a substantial base of scientific code is written in fortran. Most (though not all) computational engines supported by WebMO are written in fortran. This resource concentrates on fortran compilers and the tools needed to support them.

While integrated development environments (IDE's) are useful in supporting program development, this resource concentrates on the command line interface (CLI) using the Terminal application that is supplied with OS X.

The procedures discussed on this page have been designed for Mac OS X 10.5.

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT UTILITIES AND c COMPILER

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Command line program development often uses unix utilities (cvs, make, ranlib, ...) when developing and compiling a project. These utilities, together with the c compiler for OS X, are available as part of the Xcode Tools that come with OS X. However, they are not installed by default.

1. Insert Mac OS X Installation DVD. Navigate to the Optional Installs: Xcode Tools folder.
   
2. Double-click XcodeTools.mpkg. Follow the prompts, but at Installation Type, click the Customize button.
   
3. Uncheck all the components and check only Unix Development Support. In particular, Developer Tools Essentials should be unchecked (saving you 2.5GB of disk space)!
4. Provide your password for the installation will proceed.
5. Notes:
   
   • The latest version of Xcode Tools can be obtained by registering for a free ADC membership and then downloading the latest version of Xcode from Apple (caution: it is > 1GB!).
     
   • Xcode can be uninstalled by running
     as described in the Xcode Tools Uninstaller
     

g77 COMPILER

g77 is the gnu fortran77 compiler. It was last produced with gnu compiler collection (gcc) 3.4, and has since been supplanted with gfortran which supports fortran95. Because of the free-cost and high quality of the gnu copmpilers, a significant amount of software has been developed for and compiled with the g77 compiler.

A tar file of the final realease of g77 compiled for OS X exists at High Performance Computing for Mac OS X.

1. Download g77-intel-bin.tar.gz (Intel Mac only) or g77-bin.tar.gz (PowerPC only)
   
2. If your browser did not automatically unzip the file, then
   
   $ gunzip g77-bin-intel.tar.gz
   
3. Install the distribution
   which puts everything in /usr/local
   
4. Notes:
   
   • No uninstall script exists, so the install files need to be listed from the tar file and manually deleted. The following command automates the process of deleting all installed files and empty directories:
     
     $ tar -tf g77-bin.tar | sort -r | (cd /; xargs -p -n 1 rm -d)
     
     You may wish to replace the '-p' switch with '-t' so that you are not prompted to delete each file.
     
   • G77 documentation is available at GCC Online Documentation
     

gfortran COMPILER

gfortran is the new gnu fortran compiler, which attempts to follow the fortran95 standard. As such, it should be backward compatible with fortran77 and fortran90. It also promises to attempt following future fortran standards, such as fortran2003. gfortran replaces the gnu g77 compiler and is included with gnu compiler collection (gcc) 4.0 and higher.

Although Apple XCode Tools includes gcc 4.X, it is not a complete implementation and lacks gfortran. However, various implementations of gfortran have been compiled and are available at GCC Wiki GFortranBinaries, Tools - R (and Fortran) for Mac OS X, or High Performance Computing for Mac OS X. These implementations vary by version, platform supported, and integration with XCode Tools. Important: Install only one implementation of gfortran, as each version would overwrite portions of the others!

• The 'GCC Wiki' implementation described in the following procedure is typically the newest binary release of gfortran, but requires that you download a version appropriate for your architecture.
  1. Visit the GCC Wiki GFortranBinaries page and scroll to the MacOS section
  2. Download gfortran-macosx-x86.dmg (Intel) or gfortran-macosx-ppc.dmg (PowerPC)
     
  3. If your browser did not automatically mount the disk image, the double-click the dmg file to mount and open it
     
  4. Open the gfortran-macosx-{architecture}-{version} folder, double-click gfortran.pkg, and follow the prompts to install it
  5. Notes:
     
     • All gfortran files are installed in /usr/local/gfortran, and a single symbloic link /usr/local/bin/gfortran is created. Thus, to uninstall the package, run
       
       $ sudo rm -r /usr/local/gfortran /usr/local/bin/gfortran
       
     • GNU Fortran documentation is available at GCC Online Documentation
       
• The 'sourceforge' implementation described in the following procedure requires that you download a version appropriate for your architecture, does not produce 'fat binaries', and does not come with an uninstall script (although a method is provided below)
  1. Download gfortran-leopard-intel-bin.tar.gz (Intel) or gfortran-leopard-ppc-bin.tar.gz (Power PC)
     
  2. If your browser did not automatically unzip the file, then
     
  3. Install the distribution
     
     $ sudo tar -xvf gcc-leopard-intel-bin.tar -C /
     
     which puts everything in /usr/local
  4. Notes:
     
     • No uninstall script exists, but the following command will delete all installed files and empty directories:
       
       $ tar -tf gfortran-leopard-intel-bin.tar | sort -r | (cd /; xargs -p -n 1 rm -d)
       
       You may wish to replace the '-p' switch with '-t' so that you are not prompted to delete each file.
       
     • GNU Fortran documentation is available at GCC Online Documentation
       
• Note that there is a G95 project, which is completely independent of the gnu gfortran project (despite the similarity with the gnu g77 compiler name). The G95 project is not associated with the gnu compiler collection!

f2c TRANSLATOR / f77 COMPILER f2c is a fortran77-to-c source code translator. Because f2c is written in c and its ouput is c, both of which can be compiled natively on unix operating systems, f2c offers a very transportable compiler solution for compiling fortran programs. f2c also offers a means of converting large fortran libraries, such as LAPACK, into c. f2c is still actively maintained and is available at http://www.netlib.org/f2c/.

f77 was the first complete fortran77 compiler and was written in c. The original f77 program is no longer available for current computer architectures. However, f2c is based on the original f77 program, and the f2c distribution contains a f77 wrapper script that combines the f2c translation and c compilation steps. The f77 script also supports many command line options commonly associated with fortran compilers. Since the f77 script calls f2c, which in turn is based upon the original f77 program, the f77 script within the f2c distribution represents the most current implementation of the original f77 program.

1. Download the installation script install_f2c_osx.csh which is
2. Run installation script
   
   $ chmod +x install_f2c_osx.csh
   $ sudo ./install_f2c_osx.csh
   
   which will produce the following files:
   /usr/local/bin/f2c
   /usr/local/include/f2c.h
   /usr/local/lib/libf2c.a
   /usr/local/man/man1/f2c.1t
   /usr/local/bin/f77
   
3. Translate, compile, link, and run a program
   
   $ f2c hello.f
   $ gcc -c hello.c
   $ gcc -o hello hello.o -lf2c -lm
   $ ./hello
   
   Or combine the first three steps into a single command
   
4. To uninstall f2c, manually delete the five files produced above

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